Perhaps you are thinking of fatique, aluminum and the DeHavilland Comet? de Havilland Comet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not being in school at the time I am not certain pre WWII design practices. However, I am looking at my 1941 edition of Modern Metallurgy for Engineers, on page 152 is a very nice S-N curve for carbon steels, and it is dated 1921. On page 153 is the relation of enruance limit to tensile strength and brinell hardness, and that is dated 1929.
At least for carbon steels, fatique lifetime was well defined and understood.
I don't know the design practices of BritishSmall arms designers. They might have designed the bolt for a certain number of rounds in a 20 year lifetime and added a bit of margin. I would have designed the bolt for an infinite loading cycle, but that is me.