At least one million surrendered in 1945. The Russians quickly moved troops into Manchuria and occupied the great arsenal there. They then set about building a great army for Mao. The arsenal converted many rifles into 8mm Mauser rifles and later converted many rifles in 7.62mm carbines. The carbines went to the police forces. I am told the chamber sleeves in the carbines are force fitted and not pinned. The sleeves will back out with extended use. I have one upstairs and looks just like yours. Fairly well done my carbine was buffed and re-blued in China and has no crest, either.