Try 2.5 inch cartridges.
However, even if they fire, I have found that due to the bulging of a .410 shotgun cartridge's rim after firing, Ishapore muskets will often fail to extract the fired cartridge from the breech.
Nope. The cartridges were made from un-necked .303 brass. (As opposed to "opened up".)
You will need to fire-form some empty .303 brass, because they will have been necked down for use in .303 rifle chambers.