Can you? Probably yes. Should you? You pays your money, you takes your chances. Will it blow up? Smaller bullet, not likely. Cant fire because of the shoulder? Nonsense. 270 case length (OAL) is the same as the 30-03. Something like 0.10" longer than the 30-06, not enough to prevent chambering. Accurate? No data to prove yes or no. Shooting any 150 grain 30-06, probably OK but a 150 grain at 2,700 fps is definitely OK. If it was 3,000 fps you might want to think about it in an M1as a steady diet. A 180 grain at 3,000 fps is probably too hot for an M1 day in and out.
Dave