That is where your wrong, a proof load can be passed with a rifle of questionable manufacture that would not hold up after repeated firings.
Its like a weight lifter, a weight lifter can max out with 500 pounds and do it a couple of times without showing signs of not being able to, just as a rifle can handle a couple of proof loads, but when that same weight lifter does sets, he may only be able to do 250 pounds 15 times before having to stop.
Metal fatigue is the issue, not necessarily the rifle passing the proof testing. Especially when materials of questionable origin are used. Most military and commercial arms continue to use the same few materials as they always have because the arms designers know they work and will hold up in the long term with little to no metal fatigue from repeated firings, as well as can handle the pressures generated with proof loads.
Dimitri